BIG BANG AND AMATEURS
an arrogant theory about the space and the light, in opposition to the 
Big Bang’s one, should explain some anomalies of the sky and should make 
(im)probable forecasts.

Some people are interested about the universe knowledge and his developement.
The main theory, named the BigBang, is describing an 
universe explosed, about 15 milliards of years ago,from a very warm and 
compact point, and which is expanding itself with a speed of 25 km/sec 
per million of year-light-distance (* M.y.l.).
The most convincent proof of the BB is the observation of the movement of 
the atomic lines (Doppler effect, redshift): all that we observe in the 
deep space, is going away faster than farer it seems and so the 
redshift means also distance and age.
The detected atomic lines are moving for many reasons, but mostly because 
of the movement of the lightsource, the observer or the transmitting bed... 
But also in the sky, many things are ' strange':
1. the celestial objects with high redshift (quasar, qso) are often blue 
   and point sourced; 
2. the quasars doesn't shows a good relation between the redshift 
   (distance, age) and apparent magnitude 
3. the qso have not an uniform distribution in the sky 
4. in the study of quasars we must admit superluminar speeds 
5. the interposition of a galaxy produce effects on the mesurement of the 
   redshift 
6. the problem of the missing matter is still without solution 
7. some qso seems to be associated phisically with near galaxies and this 
   association is proportional to their distance 
8. the associated galaxies have different redshift 
9. the dominant galaxies have very low redshift 
10.someone detects the quantization of the redshift in associated qso and 
   clusters of galaxies 
11.the mistery of acceleration of the Pioneer 10 and 11 is still a mystery

An amateur could propose an aproximative formula for explain the 11 
'strange' points: 

anomomalous vel. of stars/objects (km/s*M.y.l)=
(25*(1+(temperature/6000)^3)*dist.y.l./1000000)+k1+k2+k3   

where k1 are plasma-clouds, k2 are gradients of plasma and k3 are the 
proper motus of the object.
These k could be neglected if the distance value is very high or the data 
statistics are homogeneous.
(
Some precious indications are coming to us from the work 
of H. Arp "Redshifts of higth luminousity stars..." appeared in 
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol 258 p.800 by the ADS 
service (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html) over which we would 
attempt some comments. 
1) the K effect (or Trumpler) gives a positivity to the rad. vel. which could 
increase with the distance (and with the temperature): at least it's not well 
shown the contrary, while the our a) , b) , c) points probabilize that 
possibility;
2) the effect K (or Trumpler) is jointed to the luminousity, which is often 
jointable to the temperature (which is jointable to the B-V, available with 3 
numbers approximations);
3) the k1 and k2 situations are frequent and deep researches should be 
interesting (expecially after the HTS and Hypparcos data, again in elaboration)
).
The anomalies (REDSHIFT, VEL RAD ANOM, ACCEL ANOM, systemATIC SHIFT,…) 
are proportional to the distance and to the cubed temperature in a 
fractionary complex.
And so the expansion simply doesn't exists, almost all is without movement 
and we must extimate the distances in different ways (For measuring the 
distances, it should be possible to use a variant of the proposed 'formula': 
"true dist. y.l. = anom. vel. km,s perM.y.l.*1000 000/(25*(1+(temp/6000)^3))", 
but it remains to produce a good theorics of the k1 and k2 ; we could enlarge 
the parallaxes system, jointed to the statistics and consider the velocity of the solar sistem 
velocity (19,5 km/s) or the rotational velocity of the galaxy ( 250 km/s ) but 
it's necessary to clarify well the mechanism for which the half of the Hipparcos 
parallaxes are not usable (negative or with very higth error)). 

 
Perhaps Einstein was saying: 
"A good theory must explain the known phenomenas and forecast new 
controllable phenomenas".

Another amateur could also make consequent previsions and someone else 
could prouve if they are false: 
a. the warmer a stars is, the higher his rad.vel. is 
   (rad.vel is proportional to the star temperature); 
b. the farer stars have higher r.v.; 
c. the stars placed near to the warm stars have normal r.v.;
d. in the warmer stars, the proper motus speeds are normal;
e. the double stars have same anomalies in the r.v.; 
f. same r.v. anomalies detected in open clusters with warm stars;
g. same anomal v.r. in the galaxies for the warm stars;
h. in the clusters of galaxie, anomal redshift for the active galaxies; 
i. explication of other anomalies in the Pioneers acceleration; 
j. in the farer clusters of galaxies,bigger differences in the redshift's 
   components; 
k. interaction of coherent light with plasma in movement.

A further amateur could also perform two questions: 
- if all that we observe far, near or very near, was the consequence of its
  going away from us with a speed equal to the Hubble-constant, using the 
  atomic lines system of mesurement of the BB should be theorizable? 
  or rephrasing: if the expansion was confirmed also in balanced systems, 
  like our solar system or our galaxie-arm, the BB should still be 
  compatible with the evidence of the Newton law or the creation of the 
  atomic elements? 
- if two objects which seems to be at the same distance, were 
  resulting in going away from us with a speed proportional to their 
  temperature (or colour) with the measure system of atomic lines, the 
  BB should still be supported? 
  Or rephrasing: if an object was emitting two distinct lights and the 
  redshift mesured was depending from the colour, the BB should be possible?

In the following section you will found a brief explanation of all the 
above mentioned points.

(20 february 2002)
You find below the explanation of some of the used terms: 
- M.y.l. is the distance covered by the light in one million of years; 
- anom. vel. is a not-existing movement (because measured with Doppler 
  effect);
- Doppler effect is the effect of the movement over the received wave; 
- rad. vel. is the movement considered perpendicolarly to the observer 
  in km/s. per y.l.;
- redshift is the rad. vel. in relation to the light speed;
- accel. is the increase of speed in cm/sec per sec;
- tot. anom. accel. is the total false increase of vel. in the true 
  distance in y.l.;
- true dist. is the presumption of the amateur; 
- rad. temp. is the average temperature of the departing waves;
- k2 is related to the effects of the gradient of plasma, of gravitation, 
  of ionic ejection ...(some of the components of k2 could enter as a 
  factor in the main formula)

1. the celestial objects with high redshift (quasar, qso) are often blue 
   and point sourced:
From the book “Fisica senza dogma” - Franco Selleri (Edizioni Dedalo, 
pag. 211), we learn that the celestial objects with high redshift are often 
point sourced (big distance), blue (high temperature) and source of radio 
waves (high activity); therefore the redshift can have relation with 
distance, temperature and activity...
 
a. the warmer a stars is, the higher his rad.vel. is (rad.vel is 
   proportional to the star temperature):
In order to prove this sentence we should consider 2 groups of stars with 
known distance, having different values of temperature, and compare the 
averages of their rad. vel.
The proposed formula for the effects of the temperature over the rad. vel., 
shows that the stars with 24000 degrees of temperature and distant from us 
1000 y.l., have the rad. vel. anormally increased of:
rad.vel. =25*1000/1000 000 *5^3 = 3 km/s; 
this quantity is detectable only having a great and homogeneous number of 
data. 
We shall come back later on that demonstration but now, more easily, we 
just use a catalogue (downloadable from http://csdweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?III/210), 
who contains the data of 4000 white dwarf stars (The dwarfs have high temp. 
and elevate k2).
In this catalogue there are only 80 starts that have both the data of 
distance, temperature and rad. vel but still we have a good data homogenity.
Working on this data we found that:
- the total average of rad. vel. is +36 km/sec; 
- the 40 nearest stars have an average rad. vel. of 31 km/sec, 
  while the other ones have 41 km/sec; 
- the 20 nearest stars have an average rad. vel. of 19 km/sec, 
  while the 20 farest have 55 km/sec;
- the 40 warmest stars have an average rad. vel. of 49 km/sec, 
  while the other ones have 22 km/sec; 
- the 20 warmest stars have an average rad. vel. of 53 km/sec, 
  while the 20 coldest have only 8 km/sec....


(20 March 2002)
some note...
in the 'proposed' formula, the anom. vel. must be 
corrected relativistically for very high velocity and the starting 
temp. rad. can be calculated from the received temp., which is always known.

2) the quasars do not show good relation between redshift and apparent 
   magnitude: 
The book of F.Selleri “Fisica senza dogma” -Ed. Dedalo-, helps us again
when, at page 219, it asserts: "it is a thing against the logic (...) if the 
redshift should be considered a measure of the distances (…) because we 
see luminous quasars having huge or small movements toward 'the red',
without a rule ,and the same thing it is happening with the less luminous 
quasars."

b) the farer stars have higher rad. vel. 
Following the 'proposed' formula, the rad. vel. for stars 4000 y.l. far 
should be increased of 0.1 km/s (in the case of stars with high temp. 
(spectal type O,B,A) untill 10 -20 km/s); Those values are detectable 
with difficulty because of the unhomogeneous distribuition of the stars, 
unordered proper motus of the stars (often higher than 50 km/s), 
differential rotation of the galaxy, 'selection' effect etc. etc....; 
However, lets take from the web-site CDS of Strasbourg the catalogue V/105, 
added up with the H D stars from cat. III/218 and III/216. We get more 
than 30000 stars with rad. vel., dist., temp.(B-V) ,spect. type, and we 
select only the 8250 stars of the main sequency at the dist. 60-2000 y.l., 
with rad. vel. and proper motus included in +50 km/s and -50 km/s, in 
order to have a more regular statistics. 
Moreover, we shall use a system of comparated averages, where the sky is 
shared in 8 similar parts relatively to the longitude and latitude; and we 
consider the average of the single averages. 
In the 8250 choiced stars:
- the 3000 nearest (dist. 60-260 y.l.) have a rad. vel. compar. of 
  0,06 km/s;
- the 3000 farest (dist. 500-2000 y.l.) have average comp. of + 0.45 km/s;
so it seems that for an increase of distance from 190 to 950 y.l., 
the rad. vel. increases from 0.06 km/s to 0.45 km/s .

Someone can properly observe that the nearest stars are not like the farest 
stars...: 
if, in the nearest 3000, we take the 560 stars with spectral type A, 
we found that they have a rad. vel. comp. of -1.1 km/s, the 60 stars 
with spectral type B (warmer than the A types) have comp. average -0.2 km/s; 
in the farest 3000, the 660 stars A have rad. vel comp. of -1.3 km/s, 
the 1170 B stars +0.9 km/s. 
The A spectral type stars have almost the same rad. vel. (-1.1 and 
-1.3, km/s), while in the B spectral type stars the rad. vel. increase 
with the distance (from -0.2 untill +0.9, km/s). The average of nearest 
group of A and B type stars is -0.65 km/s ((-1.1-0.2)/2), the farest group 
is -0.2 ((-1.3+0.2)/2) with an increasement of +0.45 km/s. 
Thus it seems possible an increase of the rad. vel jointed with an 
increase of the distance (and temperature)...
and it’s more probable than improbable.


(20 April 2002)
3. the quasars are not distribuited uniformely in the sky. 
F. Selleri in the book 'Fisica senza dogma' -Ed. Dedalo- is writing at 
page 219 "if the cosmologic hypothesis (the shift to the red = distance) 
would be true, we should have the quasars, very far, distribuited 
uniformely in the sky around us....but the quasars in the Andromeda 
direction are 3-4 times more numerous than in the opposite direction...

c. the stars placed near the warm ones, have normal rad. vel.
As we observed in the points a. and b., following the 'proposed' 
formula, the warm stars seems to show rad. vel. higher and 'anomalous'.
From the selected 8250 stars obtained like in b. (including stars of main 
sequency with distance 60-2000 y.l. with rad. vel. and proper motus 
+/-50 km/s), we take the warmest ones (sorted for temperature and having 
B-V between -0.25 and -0.16); then for each star we evaluate the average of 
rad. vel. (included + or - 50 km/s) of the 5 nearest stars, on the base of 
spatial coordinates AR and DEC.
We have in that way two categories of 100 rad. vel. to compare: 
the first-one done with warm stars having total average +13.56 km/s; 
the second-one with normal stars (average of 5 near and casual stars) 
with total rad. vel. +10.14 km/s.
If we make 5 groups of 20 stars from each category and we calculate the 
average of the relative rad. vel., we get: 
for warmest-ones values of 12.6, 17.0, 16.1, 10.2, 11.9, and 
for the other-ones 7.5, 13.3, 12.0, 9.4, 8.5 .
Therefore every group of warm stars showed higher rad. vel. than the 
group of 'normal' stars, and it seems that the difference is diminuishing 
with the lower temperatures.
All that can be casual, but at least our starting hypothesis can 
remain possible...


(25 April 2002) 
4. in the study of quasars we must admit superluminar velocities. 
Again from the book - Fisica senza dogma - "..there are 2 sources of 
radiowaves, positioned symmetrically, and very near to the quasar 3C120, 
that are changing their mutual distance in a detectable quantity... : 
if we calculate the distance of 3C120 by redshift, results that the 
radiowaves sources are moving with a speed 6 (six) time higher than the 
light speed, when the theory of special relativity, confirmed in many 
experiments, declares that no object can move to a superior velocity than 
the light...". 

d. in the warm stars the proper motus speeds are normal. 
We consider again the 8250 selected stars described in point b. and we sort 
them by their temperature, in decreasing order; from that ones we consider 
6 groups of 200 stars and we compare the averages of their rad. vel. and 
the averages of the sum of their 2 proper motus (incr. and decr.) with their 
sign:
the rad. vel. have a total average value of -0,5 km/s, but for the 6 rad. 
vel. groups the averages are +13, +7, + 5, +2.7, +1.4, +1.2 ; 
the proper motus have total average value -3 km/s and for the correspondent 
mot. pro. groups –3, -2.6, -2.3, -3.5, -3.9, -3.
It is evident that the values of rad. vel. seems to contain a strong 
'anomalous' component, directly joined with the temperature.


(20 June 2002)
Special thanks to Mr. Mermilliod (Geneve) for a kind of confirm of the 
existence of k1 and k2, thanks to Mr. Arp (Germany) for a kind of confirm 
about the positive effect of temperature over the rad vel, thanks 
to Mr. Turishev(JPL-NASA) for a kind of confirm over the behavior of 
Pioneer... 

5. Interposed galaxies produce effect over the redshift. 
I don't well remenber where i read that galaxies (or more probably, 
galaxies cluster) visually interposed to other celestial objects, give an 
increase of about 2.000 km/s to the rad vel of that last-ones, it was in 
a paper of an astronomer with a name like De Coupertin or Le Valentier ...
(i hope that some reader can help my memory).. it is important to note 
that the crossing work gives an effect undistinguishable from an 
increasement of rad vel . 

6. The problem of 'dark missing matter' is again without solution.
The missing matter problem seems to coincide with a special reading of 
the redshift: in the solar system we can exclude dark matter (the 
rotation timings of planets answer to the Newton law with a very high 
precision. In our galaxy somebody think that the dark matter is around 20%; 
in the remote galaxies (high redshifts) they extimate the missing 
matter to be 98%; the Alfven plasma's theories (expecially presented by 
Lerner) can help much to explain, also if they don't propose the final 
hipothesis: 
all is turning because is emitting light, which crossing the space is doing 
electricity, consequent rotation and condensation..(remember like in the 
galaxies, the orbital vel is depending from the luminousity, in the stars 
from the temperature!). If we observe a very far galaxies cluster, their 
proper motus are discordant from the anomalous increase of the distance, 
calculated with the redshift, so much to presume an exaggerate missing 
matter.. 

7. Some quasars seems to be near to galaxies and proportional to the 
   distance. 
The book 'Fisica senza dogmi', F. Selleri, reports :"Of course it is 
possible that casually a quasar is apparently near to a galaxy for prospect 
reasons, also if the galaxy is near (low z - redshift) and the quasar very 
far (high z). But the point is that this associations are very frequent and 
bigger is the galaxy distance, smaller the angular distance between galaxy and 
quasar, as if we see the similar pair to different distance..." . The big 
astronomer Arp published many similar examples; he thinks that the 
probability to be only a case is 10^-15. 

8. Some associated galaxies have different redshift. 
Again from the book 'Fisica senza dogma' we read :"Many giant galaxies 
have small companions phisically jointed...sometime (not always) the 
redshift of the smaller galaxy is remarkably bigger than the main galaxy... 
also 10 times ..today we know 38 examples of companions with z disaccording 
from 24 main galaxies." 

9. The dominant galaxies have lower redshifts. 
This fact resumes and reinforces the precedent case. The galaxies have the 
tendency to make geometric groups and in every group there is a dominant 
galaxy bigger and more luminous. In these groups the dominant galaxy has the 
lower value of redshift. In our local group, Andromeda, the dominant one has 
the light directly moved untill the blue. 
Why the dominant galaxies should have a redshift (read: escape by big bang) 
inferior than the associated-ones? 

10. Some astronomers measure the quantization in the galaxies clusters and 
    in the associations of quasars.
In the year 1968 Burbidge observed that there was a high number of quasars 
with z=1.95 and 0.60; in 1977 Karlsson showed that the peaks was obeing to 
a formula jointed to the log.(1+z): they were quantized. 
Other astronomers (Arp) confirmed that observations and also between the 
galaxies 'components' was found a small quantization. 
Hardly a quantization could be explained inside of a Big Bang theory. 

11. The mistery of the Pioneer's acceleration.
(refer to ‘Study of the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11’, 
author Slava G. Turyshev http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/gr-qc/0104064).
The Pioneer 10 and 11 were launched more than 20 years ago toward the deep 
space beyond the solar system. After some years it begans to grow an 
anomalie between the position calculated using the go-and-back time of the 
calibrated signals and that-one calculated with the frequency's changement 
of the same signals...
The frequencies were keeping an anomaly's escape of 8,5 *10^-8 cm/s*s: 
just like to the Hubble constant, which is 25 but relative to 
km/s*million of years-light.
They have examinated all the possible reasons without success. The anomaly 
is extending to all very far rockets. We conclude that every electromagnetic 
propagation in the deep space keeps the H constant (like a degeneration of 
the frequency caused by the space crossing) and that a bigbang theory is not 
compatible with the apparent expansion of H comprehending also our local 
galaxies system, our galaxy, our galaxy's arm, our solar system, more and 
more differentiated by the temperature. 
Or rephrasing : the anomal acceleration 's story of the Pioneer 10 has
teached that all the far rockets ( objects ) seem to have two positions :
one nearer ( given from the time go-and-back of our calibrated signals ) and
a second-one , farer ( given from a misterious loss of frequency over our
calibrated signals ( minus 1,5 Hz every 8 years )) : if we consider good the
second position , the first-one can be interpreted like an acceleration
toward the sun ( irresolvible ! )... if we consider good the first position
, the second-one seems an escape with the exact value of the H constant ( an
insubstantial expansion of big-bang ! ) ... we , amateurs , almost  have no
interpretative doubts untill to foresee that the Pioneer ( with his jump in
the vacuum space , with his Amletic two positions proposed like a mistery
along 20 years and translated rightly in science ) will produce an epic
increasement of the knowledges and the progress ..

e. Anomaly in rad vel of star systems.
The bigger part of the consulted experts is agreeing that the dwarf stars 
have a positive anomaly in the rad vel. Someone of them are admitting same 
thing also for the warm stars and the red giants: it is clear that, when 
that stars are in multiple systems, their rad vel shall be higher than 
that-one of the system. It can be that we have also already checked cases 
(maybe in Sirius system?), surely in future with patience measures. 
It is also probable that this kind of researches clarifies the effects k1 
and k2 and perhaps the effect of the distance over the shifts... 

f. Same anomaly in rad vel of open clusters with warm stars. 
The open clusters keep inside warm stars and we can consider their 
components almost at the same distance from us. In order to haveng measurable 
effects in the statistics, the open clusters should be a little far and 
have a big number of warm stars: in the Plejades (420 y.l., we take 
away the stars + or - 20 km/s rad vel) the 19B stars have an average rad 
vel of + 5.25; the other colder-ones have an average + 4.33, therefore 
also quantitatively following the proposed formula. 

g. Same anomaly in rad vel of warm stars in near galaxies. 
We read the research "Radial velocities of late type stars in the LMC" from
the database of CDS of Strasburg (ref. number 1985A&AS...62...23P). 
Also if the research was pointed over other targets, it seems clear like 
they observed that the OBA stars (warmer than the FG) had a rad vel 
'systematically' bigger than 6 km/s from the other ones, so much to be 
considered 'anomalous' also in the previous studies. 

h. In the galaxies clusters, anomalies of the active galaxies. 
We relate the Zasov' s research (1985) "Low-luminousity blue galaxies in 
the Virgo cluster: where are they positioned ?". The title remarks the 
anomaly in the rad vel for the blue galaxies (high temperature). In the 
text some of them are excluded from the Virgo cluster because their 
redshifts positioned them to a distance 5 time bigger than the other-ones..;
that research opens an other discussion over the tie distance-redshift and 
stimulates the necessity of a study around the k1 and k2 present also in 
the galaxies, analizating the influence of gas and powders... 

i. Other previsions around Pioneer. 
The anomaly of the Pioneer (a shift of frequency common to all very far 
rockets) begins from a distance of around 10 UA and quickly goes (3 UA) to 
the value of the Hubble constant; yearly there is a ritmic changement 
(almost 10%) and also daily (very small). In a mutual comparison with the 
point 5., we could foresee small changement depending from the spatial 
direction of the launching (in relation to a bigger or smaller interposition 
of the interior solar system).
Or rephrasing : the research named to the point 11.) , pages 68 and 69 , shows 
two graphics compatible with the k1 and k2 ( yearly , dayly and as a background 
) . In fact the interior solar sistem is in the month of November rigthly 
interposed to the star Aldebaran ( the direction of the Pioneer 10 ) causing 
the maximum excursion of the annual residuals...

j. In the far galaxies clusters, bigger difference in the components 
   shifts. 
We suppose that the distance and the temperature increase the redshift 
(following the proposed formula): without that solution, it is necessary to 
invent the dark matter for resolving the gravitational problems ... Our 
solar system has not 'missing matter': the gravitational low of Newton 
drives exactly the planets timings also after many years. Our galaxy should 
have(?) a 20% of dark missing matter. For the very far galaxies somebody 
speaks of 98% of dark matter. Also the Alfven plasmadinamic's theory 
giustifies in an interesting way the anomalies: it is probable that the 
truth is an integration between Alfven and bbamateur's proposition.

k. Interaction of coherent light in plasma movement. 
In the vacuum space, almost plasma and coherent light is existing. 
Easily we can get interference with two paths having different ionic 
concentration. We can also check electric or mechanic migration for 
reaching formulations, which are transferible in the spatial vacuum... 
It is probable that in some laboratory experiments we had or shall have 
confirm to the proposed formula.

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BIG BANG AND AMATEURS
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